ENTERTAINMENT HISTORY GROUP ASSESSMENT

Topic

The Relationship Between Dance and Popular Culture:

Hip Hop & Breakdancing (Breaking)

 

Research Question

How have hip hop and breakdancing both shaped, and been shaped by, popular culture throughout history?

 

Overall Argument

Hip hop and breakdancing emerged from the social and cultural conditions of 1970’s New York before evolving into global forms of popular culture. Through media, technology and cultural exchange, these dance styles both reflected the communities that created them while shaping music, fashion, identity and entertainment around the world.

 

Historical Connection Between Dance and Popular Culture

This section examines how hip hop and breakdancing emerged in response to the social, economic and cultural conditions of 1970s New York. It explores how these dance forms reflected the experiences of marginalised communities before evolving into influential elements of global popular culture.

 

When did it begin?

Most scholars identify the beginning of hip hop in the early 1970s, with 11 August 1973 widely recognised as a defining moment. This date marks DJ Kool Herc's back-to-school block party at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the South Bronx, New York, where his innovative use of extended breakbeats laid the foundations for hip hop culture (Seth, 2024).

More recent scholarship also recognises this period as the birth of a cultural movement that would eventually influence music, dance, fashion and identity across the world (Tyree & Caruth, 2025).

This marked the beginning of a cultural movement that would later influence dance, music, fashion and identity worldwide, demonstrating the lasting relationship between dance and popular culture.

 

Why did it begin?

Hip hop emerged as both a cultural and artistic response to the economic hardship, racial inequality and limited opportunities experienced by many African American and Latino communities living in the South Bronx during the early 1970s. Rather than simply creating entertainment, young people used music, dance and artistic expression to build community, express their experiences and create positive alternatives to conflict. Scholars describe hip hop as a movement rooted in resistance, empowerment and cultural identity, allowing marginalised communities to share their voices and challenge their social conditions (Tyree & Caruth, 2025).

This highlights that hip hop was not simply entertainment but a cultural response to social inequality, giving communities a voice through music and dance.

 

Who created it?

Hip hop was not created by one individual but developed through the contributions of many artists, DJs and community members. However, DJ Kool Herc is widely recognised as one of the founding pioneers because of his innovative use of breakbeats during neighbourhood block parties in the Bronx in 1973 (Seth, 2024). Afrika Bambaataa also played a major role in expanding hip hop beyond music by promoting its cultural values and encouraging the development of its core artistic elements, helping transform it into a worldwide cultural movement (Trebay, 2026).

The collaborative development of hip hop highlights how popular culture is shaped by communities rather than by a single individual.

 

Why was breakdancing important?

Breakdancing, also known as breaking or b-boying/b-girling, became one of the original elements of hip hop culture alongside DJing, MCing and graffiti. It provided young people with a creative way to express themselves, develop respect within their communities and demonstrate skill through movement rather than violence. Research into Australian hip hop also identifies breaking as one of the Four Elements that continue to define authentic hip hop culture and connect practitioners to its historical roots (Rodger, 2019).

Breaking became a visual expression of hip hop culture, allowing young people to gain recognition through creativity, athleticism and artistic skill.

 

What social issues existed?

Hip hop emerged during a period of significant social and economic disadvantage in the South Bronx. Many neighbourhoods experienced widespread poverty, unemployment, urban decay, racial inequality and limited public investment. Young people often had few recreational opportunities, while abandoned buildings and deteriorating neighbourhoods became symbols of the area's decline. Within these conditions, hip hop developed as a community-driven movement that promoted creativity, resilience and empowerment instead of hopelessness (Tyree & Caruth, 2025).

These social conditions directly influenced the themes, values and purpose of early hip hop culture, demonstrating how dance reflected the realities of the communities that created it.

 

 

How did dance replace violence?

Breaking provided young people with a non-violent alternative to gang conflict by replacing physical confrontation with organised dance battles. Instead of earning respect through violence, dancers competed through creativity, originality and technical skill. These battles encouraged discipline, teamwork and mutual respect while allowing individuals to express themselves artistically. Afrika Bambaataa and the Universal Zulu Nation further promoted hip hop culture as a positive force within communities, encouraging peace, unity and creative competition rather than violence (Chang, 2005).

The development of dance battles illustrates how hip hop transformed conflict into artistic expression. Rather than encouraging violence, breaking created opportunities for young people to gain recognition through talent and performance, highlighting the positive relationship between dance and popular culture.

 

How did dance reflect popular culture at the time?

Breaking reflected the social and cultural experiences of young people living in the South Bronx during the early 1970s. Rather than copying existing dance styles, it expressed the creativity, resilience and identity of communities experiencing poverty, inequality and limited opportunities. As hip hop spread internationally, these cultural practices influenced music, fashion, language and entertainment while adapting to different societies and cultures (Tyree & Caruth, 2025).

Research into Australian hip hop suggests this process clearly. Although Australian artists recognised the South Bronx as the birthplace of hip hop, they adapted its music, dance and cultural values to reflect Australian experiences while maintaining respect for its origins (Rodger, 2019). This demonstrates that dance both reflected the society in which it developed and actively shaped popular culture as it evolved across different countries and generations.

 

Section Summary

Hip hop and breaking emerged during the early 1970s as creative responses to the social and economic challenges experienced by African American and Latino communities in the South Bronx. Through the contributions of pioneers such as DJ Kool Herc and Afrika Bambaataa, hip hop developed into a cultural movement that combined music, dance, art and identity. Breaking became more than a form of entertainment; it provided opportunities for self-expression, community building and positive competition. As hip hop expanded beyond New York, it influenced music, fashion, language and popular culture worldwide, demonstrating that dance not only reflects society but also contributes to shaping it.

 

The Influence of Media and Technology

Main Point

Media and technology transformed hip hop from a local street culture into an international form of popular culture by allowing its music, dance, fashion and visual identity to reach audiences far beyond the communities in which it originated.

 

How did television help?

Television gave hip hop and breaking access to audiences who may never have encountered the culture in person. During the 1980s and 1990s, television increasingly presented hip hop through music programming, films, advertising and youth-oriented entertainment. This exposure allowed street-based forms of dance and music to move into mainstream popular culture. MTV became particularly influential because it combined music with visual performance, fashion and dance, helping audiences associate particular movements, clothing styles and identities with particular songs and artists (Ovalle, 2008).

Television also contributed to the commercialisation of hip hop. In Australia, hip hop music, graffiti, DJs and breakdancers began appearing in television advertising, including campaigns for major companies such as Coca-Cola, demonstrating that the culture had become valuable to mainstream advertisers as a way of appealing to young audiences (Mitchell, 2003).

This reinforces that television did not simply report on hip hop culture; it actively helped transform it from an underground movement into a recognisable and marketable part of popular culture.

 

What movies made breaking famous?

Film played a major role in introducing breaking to mainstream audiences during the early 1980s. One of the most influential films was Flashdance (1983), which incorporated Black and Latino urban dance styles, including breaking, into a commercially successful Hollywood production. The film used editing and body doubles, including Puerto Rican breaker Crazy Legs, to integrate street dance into its performances. Its success helped spark greater mainstream interest in breaking and was followed by dance-focused films including Breakin’ and Breakin’ 2: Electric Boogaloo in 1984 (Ovalle, 2008).

Another major film was Beat Street (1984), which presented hip hop culture more directly through breaking, graffiti, DJing and MCing. Research into Australian hip hop found that films such as Beat Street and Wild Style were important cultural texts for Australian breakers, graffiti writers, rappers and turntablists. One Australian participant recalled that watching Beat Street played an important role in getting him “hooked on Hip-Hop” (Rodger, 2019).

These films were significant because they allowed audiences around the world to see hip hop culture rather than simply hear its music. Breaking therefore became one of hip hop’s most visually recognisable elements.

 

What role did MTV play?

MTV was one of the most influential technologies in transforming music into a visual form of popular culture. Launched in 1981, the network became an important youth-culture platform that linked music to dance, fashion, advertising and celebrity. Music videos enabled audiences to repeatedly watch movements, clothing and performance styles, making them easier to recognise and reproduce (Ovalle, 2008).

MTV initially focused heavily on white rock performers, but Michael Jackson’s Billie Jean in 1983 became an important moment in increasing Black representation on the network. Jackson and other Black artists gradually became more visible, while advertisers recognised the commercial value of Black music and performance styles. MTV consequently became increasingly connected to the mainstreaming and commercialisation of Black and hip hop-influenced popular culture (Ovalle, 2008).

The network also helped establish music video as a major cultural form. Rather than simply listening to an artist, audiences could now see choreography, fashion, movement and visual storytelling repeatedly, allowing dance to become inseparable from the marketing of popular music.

 

What artists helped spread hip hop and hip hop-influenced dance?

Artists became important cultural messengers because television and music video allowed their performances to reach enormous audiences. Although Michael Jackson was not a hip hop artist, his influence on dance and music video was particularly important. His Thriller video premiered internationally on MTV in late 1983 and was one of the early videos by a Black musician to receive major exposure on the network. Its ambitious choreography, filmmaking and narrative style helped raise expectations for what a music video could achieve (Fowler, 2017).

Later performers such as Jennifer Lopez also contributed to mainstreaming hip hop-influenced dance and urban styles. Ovalle (2008) argues that Lopez used MTV, music videos and dance to package urban and hip hop aesthetics for mainstream audiences. Her 2003 video I’m Glad, for example, directly referenced Flashdance, showing how dance imagery could be recycled across film, television and music video over different generations.

More broadly, hip hop artists such as Snoop Dogg, Nas and Rakim became part of a culture that was increasingly travelling internationally. Morgan (2016) argues that hip hop’s language, music and cultural practices spread globally through media, technology and cultural exchange, allowing communities outside the United States to adopt and reinterpret the culture.

 

What role did music videos play?

Music videos were crucial because they combined sound with visible movement. Before widespread music video, audiences could hear hip hop through recordings and radio, but video enabled them to observe choreography, gestures, clothing and performance styles repeatedly. This made dance easier to imitate and contributed to the rapid circulation of styles across different communities.

MTV helped turn music videos into a central part of youth culture. Ovalle (2008) argues that music videos functioned as powerful promotional tools, linking performers, movement, fashion and commercial products with particular songs. This meant that dance itself became part of the marketing of popular music rather than merely an accompaniment to it.

The influence was not purely artistic. Once hip hop aesthetics became commercially valuable, media industries increasingly packaged and sold elements of hip hop culture. Research into the global hip hop market similarly identifies hip hop as a lifestyle used to market products ranging from clothing and accessories to automobiles and cosmetics (Polley-Edmunds & Williams, 2006).

This highlights a tension within the relationship between hip hop and media: technology expanded access to the culture, but it also contributed to its commercialisation.

 

How did YouTube change dance?

YouTube changed the relationship between dance and media because dancers no longer needed television networks, film studios or record companies to make their performances visible. Videos could be uploaded, replayed, slowed down, shared and accessed internationally, allowing audiences to observe dance techniques outside traditional classes or live performances.

Henn et al. (2023) demonstrate how deeply YouTube has become connected to contemporary dance culture. Their study analysed 65 YouTube dance videos, including hip hop breaking, ciphers and one-on-one battles. The researchers were able to study genuine breaking and battle environments through publicly available online footage, illustrating how performances that once existed primarily within local communities are now recorded and preserved digitally (Henn et al., 2023).

YouTube also changed access to dance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, dance classes increasingly moved online, allowing dancers to continue learning and participating remotely. The ability to pause, replay and slow footage also made video an important tool for studying movement and learning technique (Henn et al., 2023).

This represents a major shift from earlier media. Television largely allowed audiences to watch dance, whereas platforms such as YouTube enabled audiences to watch, learn, reproduce and redistribute it themselves.

 

How did TikTok change dance?

TikTok changed the way dance is created, learned and circulated by turning short-form video into a highly participatory space. Rather than simply watching professional dancers, users can now learn movements, recreate choreography, post their own versions and interact with others through likes, comments and live streams. Heyang and Martin (2024) note that viral TikTok dances encouraged people who may not normally participate in formal dance classes or performances to learn and perform dances for the first time.

The platform also made dance more accessible because videos can be replayed repeatedly and viewed almost anywhere. This allows users to study short, catchy movement sequences at their own pace and participate without needing access to a traditional dance studio or teacher. Heyang and Martin (2024) found that TikTok could help users gather new ideas quickly and engage with dance practices they may not otherwise feel confident joining face-to-face.

TikTok also strengthened the social and community aspect of dance. Dance videos could move beyond classrooms and private groups into public online spaces, allowing performers to share ideas with much wider audiences and create new forms of digital community (Heyang & Martin, 2024).

At the same time, the platform raises questions about commercialisation, privacy and digital literacy, showing that technology can both expand participation and change the way dance is experienced and valued (Heyang & Martin, 2024).

This emphasises that TikTok did more than spread dance trends—it changed audiences from passive viewers into active participants who can learn, reproduce and redistribute dance almost instantly.

 

What happened in Australia?

Media and technology were especially important in bringing hip hop to Australia because Australians initially encountered the culture largely through imported American media rather than direct contact with New York hip hop communities. Rodger (2019) found that Australian hip hop participants frequently remembered being introduced to the culture through music videos, films and other American cultural material. Films such as Wild Style (1983) and Beat Street (1984) were particularly influential and were studied by Australian breakers, graffiti writers, rappers and turntablists (Rodger, 2019).

By the late 1990s and early 2000s, Australian hip hop had developed a strong independent media network. Artists distributed recordings through self-produced cassettes and CDs, while community radio, festivals, independent magazines and Triple J helped support the scene. Mitchell (2003) describes this strong DIY culture as an important feature of Australian hip hop, particularly while mainstream media coverage remained limited.

The internet later became particularly important because it allowed geographically separated Australian scenes to communicate and collaborate. Rodger (2019) found that growing internet use helped connect hip hop practitioners across Australian cities, supporting interstate collaboration, tours and the development of a stronger national scene.

Australian hip hop therefore demonstrates the two-way relationship between technology and culture. Media initially brought American hip hop into Australia, but Australian artists eventually used their own media networks and digital technologies to create a localised culture reflecting Australian accents, experiences and identities.

 

Section Summary

Media and technology were fundamental to hip hop’s transformation from a local cultural movement into a global form of popular culture. Film and television introduced breaking to mass audiences, while MTV and music videos connected dance with fashion, music, advertising and celebrity. Films such as Flashdance, Breakin’ and Beat Street helped make breaking visually recognisable, while performers such as Michael Jackson demonstrated the growing power of music video as a cultural medium. Later, digital platforms such as YouTube removed many traditional barriers between performers and audiences, enabling hip hop dance to be viewed, studied and shared internationally. In Australia, imported films and music videos initially introduced hip hop culture before independent media and the internet allowed Australians to develop increasingly connected and localised hip hop communities. Collectively, these developments demonstrate that technology did not simply spread hip hop; it changed how hip hop was created, consumed, performed and understood.

 

Dance as a Reflection of Modern Popular Culture

Main Point

Today, hip hop and breaking continue to reflect and shape popular culture through music, fashion, identity, social movements, digital media and global entertainment. What began as a marginalised street culture has become a worldwide cultural form while continuing to provide communities with ways to express identity, challenge stereotypes and create belonging.

 

What does hip hop represent today?

Hip hop today represents considerably more than a genre of music or style of dance. It functions as a cultural movement through which people communicate identity, community, creativity and social experience. Payne (2024) describes Hip Hop as encompassing rap, DJing, graffiti, breaking and knowledge of self, and demonstrates how young people can use these cultural practices to understand and express their identities. Her research found themes of strength, independence, resilience, empowerment and community within young people's engagement with Hip Hop.

Hip hop's modern significance is therefore partly its ability to operate simultaneously as entertainment and as a cultural space. It can exist in mainstream music and advertising while also providing marginalised people with opportunities for self-expression and social commentary. Payne's research describes Hip Hop as a voice, identity, movement, community and form of performance rather than simply a musical genre (Payne, 2024).

This reflects that hip hop has moved beyond its original geographic setting while maintaining its connection to identity, community and cultural expression.

 

How has fashion changed through hip hop?

Hip hop has influenced popular fashion by turning styles associated with youth and street culture into mainstream cultural symbols. Clothing became connected to hip hop identity alongside music, dance, language and visual art. Kelly (2013) argues that hip hop has become embedded in the fashion, music and language of young people across ethnic backgrounds, demonstrating how deeply the culture has entered everyday popular life.

This influence has also become commercially valuable. Hip hop developed into a global lifestyle market in which companies used the culture to sell clothing, accessories, cars and other consumer products (Polley-Edmunds & Williams, 2006). The relationship between fashion and hip hop therefore shows both sides of popular culture: styles originally used to express community and identity can become internationally recognised and commercially marketed.

Hip hop fashion therefore demonstrates how a cultural practice can move from the margins of society into the mainstream while influencing how later generations present their identities.

 

How has hip hop music changed?

As hip hop became increasingly mainstream, its relationship with commercial popular culture became more complicated. Early hip hop was strongly associated with community expression and social commentary, while later commercial success introduced greater corporate involvement and consumerism. Gosa (2009), reviewing major debates in hip hop scholarship, identifies disagreement over whether mainstream commercialisation weakened hip hop's earlier political and rebellious character.

Tricia Rose's arguments, discussed by Gosa (2009), provide a particularly useful critical perspective. Rose argues that corporate control and mass-media consolidation affected the direction of mainstream hip hop from the mid-1990s onward. At the same time, she rejects the idea that hip hop has lost all social significance, arguing that it remains central to debates about race, social class and Black culture (Gosa, 2009).

This creates an important tension within modern hip hop: greater popularity has given the culture an enormous global platform, but commercialisation can also alter which voices, images and messages receive the most exposure.

 

Why is dance still important?

Breaking remains important because movement gives participants a physical way of expressing identity, creativity, individuality and belonging. Research by Bode Bakker and Nuijten (2018) examined a breaking crew in Ecuador and found that breaking could contribute to significant personal transformation among marginalised young people. Participants used breaking to affirm the value of street culture, while dancers developed physical strength, confidence and emotional resilience.

Breaking can also challenge expectations surrounding gender. Bode Bakker and Nuijten (2018) found that girls participating in breaking could use the dance to challenge dominant expectations of femininity, demonstrating how movement can become a form of resistance as well as self-expression.

Payne (2024) similarly found that young Black girls interpreted female participation in hip hop dance as evidence that women could demonstrate the same ability, independence and power as men.

Breaking therefore remains culturally important because its value is not limited to performance: dancers can use movement to construct identity, challenge expectations and gain confidence and recognition.

 

Why was breaking included in the Olympics?

Breaking reached a new level of mainstream recognition when it made its Olympic debut at the Paris 2024 Games. The competition featured 16 b-boys and 16 b-girls battling head-to-head, with performances judged on musicality, vocabulary, originality, technique and execution (Norman, 2024).

Its Olympic inclusion is historically significant because breaking travelled from predominantly Black and Latino communities in 1970s New York to one of the world's largest international sporting stages. Importantly, the dancers themselves continued to emphasise breaking's cultural roots. Olympic competitor Victor Montalvo described breaking as part of hip hop's core culture and connected it with community, while Sunny Choi emphasised individuality and authenticity (Norman, 2024).

Breaking's Olympic appearance therefore collects both the globalisation and institutionalisation of street culture. A dance created outside traditional sporting and artistic institutions became an Olympic event, yet performers continued to connect it to hip hop's original values of creativity, individuality and community.

This is perhaps one of the clearest examples in your whole presentation of dance and popular culture influencing each other: popular culture made breaking globally visible, and breaking became influential enough for one of the world's largest institutions to recognise it.

 

What role does social media play today?

Social media has changed dance from something audiences primarily watch into something they can actively learn, reproduce, remix and share. TikTok is particularly significant because its short-video format makes dance accessible to enormous audiences and allows movements to circulate rapidly between users.

Heyang and Martin (2024) found that viral TikTok dances encouraged people who might never ordinarily participate in formal dance classes or performances to learn and perform dances themselves. The platform allows users to watch short dances repeatedly, interact with performers and access material almost anywhere, reducing many of the traditional barriers between dancer and audience.

TikTok has also allowed dance to create new forms of online community. Heyang and Martin (2024) observed that dance videos could travel beyond classrooms into public online spaces, allowing participants to share ideas and feel seen or heard within digital communities.

However, this relationship is not entirely positive. The researchers also identify concerns surrounding commercialisation, privacy, digital literacy and the difference between experiencing physical dance in three dimensions and learning movement through a two-dimensional screen (Heyang & Martin, 2024).

Social media therefore represents the newest stage in the relationship between technology and dance: movements can now become part of global popular culture almost instantly, while audiences have changed from passive consumers into participants.

 

How does hip hop express identity and cultural diversity?

Identity remains one of hip hop's strongest cultural functions. Payne's (2024) research found that young Black girls used hip hop music, art and dance to negotiate racial and gender identity while responding to racism, sexism, stereotyping and other environmental pressures. Rather than simply accepting representations found within popular culture, participants could reject stereotypes and reconstruct them around qualities such as strength, independence and resilience.

Breaking itself can also allow marginalised young people to redefine how they see themselves. Bode Bakker and Nuijten (2018) argue that breakers can shift from positions of marginalisation toward becoming more determined and resilient individuals through participation in the culture.

The Olympics provide a modern example of this cultural diversity. Filipino-American breaker Logan Edra described her Olympic participation as an opportunity to represent both sides of her cultural identity and other immigrant families, demonstrating how contemporary breaking provides a platform through which people can represent multiple identities simultaneously (Norman, 2024).

Hip hop therefore does not create one universal identity. Its global success has allowed different communities to use the culture to communicate their own experiences while remaining connected through shared practices such as music, breaking and artistic expression.

 

How does hip hop connect with social movements?

Hip hop has maintained a complicated but significant relationship with activism and social change. Its history has often positioned the culture as a way of communicating experiences of poverty, racism and marginalisation, although scholars disagree over how effectively mainstream hip hop produces political change.

Gosa (2009) presents this debate through several major hip hop scholars. Some argue that commercialisation weakened hip hop's earlier potential for social resistance, while others maintain that hip hop remains politically significant because it continues to influence public conversations about race, inequality and Black identity.

Contemporary research also illustrates hip hop's potential at an individual and community level. Payne (2024) found that hip hop spaces could allow young women to challenge stereotypes, build community and develop empowering identities, while existing research connects hip hop with themes of social justice, resilience and community empowerment.

This suggests that hip hop's modern political significance does not depend solely on protest songs or organised movements. Its ability to give communities ways to represent themselves, challenge stereotypes and create alternative identities can itself function as a form of cultural resistance.

 

Section Summary

Hip hop and breaking now occupy a very different position in popular culture from where they began. A culture developed within marginalised communities has become visible in global music, fashion, advertising, education, digital media and even the Olympic Games. However, this growth has not removed hip hop's connections to identity and community. Research continues to show that people use hip hop and breaking to develop confidence, challenge stereotypes, express cultural identities and create social connections (Bode Bakker & Nuijten, 2018; Payne, 2024).

Digital platforms such as TikTok have further transformed this relationship by allowing people around the world to become participants rather than simply spectators, while breaking's Olympic debut reflects how far a street-based cultural practice can travel into mainstream institutions (Heyang & Martin, 2024; Norman, 2024).

Ultimately, contemporary hip hop demonstrates the two-way relationship at the centre of this assessment: popular culture has transformed hip hop, but hip hop has also transformed popular culture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference List

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Trebay, G. (2026, April 16). Grappling With a Hip-Hop Pioneer's Legacy. The New York Times.

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Bode Bakker, M., & Nuijten, M. (2018). ‘When breaking you make your soul dance’: Utopian aspirations and subjective transformation in breakdance. Identities, 25(2), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2017.1400275

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Kelly, L. L. (2013). Hip-hop literature: The politics, poetics, and power of hip-hop in the English classroom. English Journal, 102(5), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.58680/ej201323587

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Payne, A. N. (2024). Hip Hop, identity, & Black girlhood: How Black girls (re)construct racial and gender identity through Hip Hop. Journal of Youth Studies, 27(2), 252–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2022.2119837